<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-0 vector-toc-not-available vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-0 skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled" lang="de" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="./_res_/favicon.png">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer"> <link href="./_mw_/ext.cite.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.math.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.wikimediamessages.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.search.codex.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.citeRef.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.defaultPlainlinks.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonHide.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonLayout.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonStyle.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiDarkmode.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiResponsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.specialSearch.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/site.styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/noscript.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/footer.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/vector-2022.css">
</head>
<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer rootpage-Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer skin-vector-2022 action-view">
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer</span></h1>
</header>
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div id="contentSub">
<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div>
</div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr">
<p>Das <b>Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer</b> ist eine Weiterentwicklung des <a href="Jamin-Interferometer" title="Jamin-Interferometer">Jamin-Interferometers</a>. Es wurde <a href="1891" title="1891">1891</a>/<a href="1892" title="1892">1892</a> unabhängig voneinander vom Österreicher <a href="Ludwig_Mach" title="Ludwig Mach">Ludwig Mach</a> (Sohn von <a href="Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a>) und seinem Schweizer Kollegen <a href="Ludwig_Zehnder" title="Ludwig Zehnder">Ludwig Zehnder</a> entwickelt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funktionsweise">Funktionsweise</h2></div>
<p>Einfallendes Licht wird durch einen 50:50-<a href="Strahlteiler" title="Strahlteiler">Strahlteiler</a> in zwei verschiedene Lichtstrahlen derselben Intensität und fester relativer Phase aufgeteilt und an einem zweiten Strahlteiler wieder überlagert. Da das Licht vom Eingang aus jeden der beiden Ausgänge auf zwei verschiedenen Wegen erreichen kann, kommt es zur <a href="Interferenz_(Physik)" title="Interferenz (Physik)">Interferenz</a> zwischen den Lichtstrahlen, welche den „oberen“ bzw. den „unteren“ Weg genommen haben, wodurch die Intensität in beiden Ausgängen von der <a href="Optische_Wegl%C3%A4nge" title="Optische Weglänge">optischen Weglängendifferenz</a> zwischen den beiden Wegen abhängt.
</p><p>Ist die optische Weglänge für beide Wege gleich (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \Phi =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \Phi =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b7a4ca4af9242e566083c9187f695379aedd8f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.875ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \Phi =0}" loading="lazy"></span>) dann ist die Intensität im Ausgang 4 (nach oben) maximal (konstruktive Interferenz) und im Ausgang 3 (nach rechts) null (destruktive Interferenz). Dies ergibt sich aus den Reflexions- und Transmissionsprozessen an den beiden Strahlteilern. Auf dem Weg von 1 nach 4 kommt es entweder (oberer Weg) zu drei Reflexionen, die jeweils einen Phasensprung von 180º bewirken, oder zu einer Reflexion (und zwei Transmissionen), sodass die Phasendifferenz insgesamt 360º beträgt und die beiden Wege im Ausgang 4 konstruktiv interferieren. Dagegen ergibt sich für die beiden Wege von 1 nach 3 eine Phasendifferenz von 180º zwischen oberen und unterem Weg (und damit destruktive Interferenz), da es zwar auf jedem der beiden Wege zu zwei Reflexionen kommt, aber die Reflexion am Strahlteiler nur auf dem oberen Weg eine Reflexion <i>am optisch dichteren Medium</i> ist, während auf dem unteren Weg am zweiten Strahlteiler an der Grenze zum optisch dünneren Medium reflektiert wird, was keinen Phasensprung zur Folge hat.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Wird jetzt die optische Weglängendifferenz verändert, dann lässt sich die entstehende Phasendifferenz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \Phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \Phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/20cedb08e6edea3cad9b2829ef67311bbe518dd2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.614ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \Phi }" loading="lazy"></span> aus den Intensitäten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{3},I_{4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{3},I_{4}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fef896b85f9f9f6ea13085d87cbacdfefa936f5a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.189ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{3},I_{4}}" loading="lazy"></span> in den beiden Ausgängen bestimmen. Dabei gilt der Zusammenhang:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {I_{4}-I_{3}}{I_{4}+I_{3}}}=\cos(\Delta \Phi ).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {I_{4}-I_{3}}{I_{4}+I_{3}}}=\cos(\Delta \Phi ).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f42b01273af900f7c4c91d24e18f5fb775dd15ac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:20.111ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {I_{4}-I_{3}}{I_{4}+I_{3}}}=\cos(\Delta \Phi ).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Ursache der geänderten Weglängendifferenz kann eine Bewegung der Spiegel relativ zum Strahlteiler oder ein sich ändernder <a href="Brechungsindex" title="Brechungsindex">Brechungsindex</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n>1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n>1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ee74e1cc07e7041edf0fcbd4481f5cd32ad17b64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n>1}" loading="lazy"></span> in einem der Wege sein.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quantenmechanische_Beschreibung">Quantenmechanische Beschreibung</h2></div>
<p>Im Formalismus der <a href="Zweite_Quantisierung" title="Zweite Quantisierung">zweiten Quantisierung</a> wird das Input-Feld durch einen bosonischen Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{\text{in}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>in</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{\text{in}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ed9f261cce88af1f0afcec69597d246418387f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.833ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{\text{in}}}" loading="lazy"></span> beschrieben.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Um die Erhaltung der <a href="Erzeugungs-_und_Vernichtungsoperator#Bosonische_Kletteroperatoren" title="Erzeugungs- und Vernichtungsoperator">Vertauschungsrelationen der bosonischen Kletteroperatoren</a> (und die Unitarität der Zeitentwicklung) zu gewährleisten, muss nun auch das Feld <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc2d523166b977a2eeecf28aaaa60e72a7c6ae0e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.113ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}}" loading="lazy"></span> im zweiten Eingang des Interferometers (von unten) betrachtet werden, selbst wenn dort kein Licht ins Interferometer eintritt (d. h., dort der Vakuumzustand des Feldes anliegt). Der Durchgang durch das Interferometer kann vereinfacht als eine Folge von drei Schritten (Streuprozessen) betrachtet werden: Im ersten Schritt wird das Input-Feld am ersten Strahlteiler gestreut und dadurch die Felder an den beiden Ausgängen das Strahlteilers, die als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{o},a_{u}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>o</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{o},a_{u}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5de4ab1d4b2b642ea8f2b2596bae1317b32d6f92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.696ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{o},a_{u}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet werden, da sie zum oberen und unteren Weg durch das Interferometer gehören, in Überlagerungen der Input-Felder transformiert. Und zwar gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{o}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}-a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}),}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>o</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{o}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}-a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}),}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea0cff35125a12dd6cfd1b67b206843850eb5318.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:22.814ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{o}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}-a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}),}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{u}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}+a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}),}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{u}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}+a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}),}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c13eb62d3e7a3260bc1200550a04c03dc311919b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:22.957ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{u}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}+a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}),}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei das Minuszeichen der Phasendifferenz zwischen Reflexion und Transmission Rechnung trägt.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Im zweiten Schritt propagieren die Felder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{u}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{u}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e9b6c1c9b562c8de7c079432a54a35e577b8fca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.402ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{u}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{o}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>o</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{o}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf18bed9650dd09cee3e72142871d328c10235ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{o}}" loading="lazy"></span> frei, wobei sie Phasen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{u},\Phi _{o}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>o</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{u},\Phi _{o}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6600f4f8db2f7ff7c384a70940a63a9a9f447b9d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.592ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{u},\Phi _{o}}" loading="lazy"></span> aufsammeln, die von der jeweiligen optischen Weglänge der beiden Wege bestimmt werden.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{u}\mapsto e^{i\Phi _{u}}a_{u},a_{o}\mapsto e^{i\Phi _{o}}a_{o}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>o</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>o</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>o</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{u}\mapsto e^{i\Phi _{u}}a_{u},a_{o}\mapsto e^{i\Phi _{o}}a_{o}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2929ab3afa9f2f9b261b8cfcaad85b3dd24e0836.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:26.111ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{u}\mapsto e^{i\Phi _{u}}a_{u},a_{o}\mapsto e^{i\Phi _{o}}a_{o}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Im Folgenden ist nur die Phasendifferenz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \Phi =\Phi _{o}-\Phi _{u}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>o</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \Phi =\Phi _{o}-\Phi _{u}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/074d3e1f7b0a2e51aa98443f48302b6fc6cd5a98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.111ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \Phi =\Phi _{o}-\Phi _{u}}" loading="lazy"></span> wichtig, und wir setzen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi _{u}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi _{u}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab393a31611c135ee8999274304bc5902bf64fec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.111ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi _{u}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Im dritten Schritt transformiert der zweite Strahlteiler die Felder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{u},a_{o}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>o</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{u},a_{o}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fab5a4ddd00d56234bb4323292586cb9b77f2b01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.696ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{u},a_{o}}" loading="lazy"></span> in die zwei Output-Felder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {out} ,3},a_{\mathrm {out} ,4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {out} ,3},a_{\mathrm {out} ,4}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47817c2202f1788a7d119e629b689b0780d3f2cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.268ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {out} ,3},a_{\mathrm {out} ,4}}" loading="lazy"></span> gemäß:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {out} ,3}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(a_{u}+a_{o})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>o</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {out} ,3}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(a_{u}+a_{o})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/092945db98159ed9bf0a2a9c0527c2acfb9de027.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:21.461ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {out} ,3}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(a_{u}+a_{o})}" loading="lazy"></span> und</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {out} ,4}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(a_{u}-a_{o}).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>o</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {out} ,4}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(a_{u}-a_{o}).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ca35fa0f5c4f2369a81784e740f8d5820b13949.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:22.108ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {out} ,4}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(a_{u}-a_{o}).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Wenn man jetzt die drei Transformationen hintereinander anwendet findet man:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {out} ,3}={\frac {1}{2}}\left((a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}+a_{\mathrm {in} ,1})+e^{i\Delta \Phi }(a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}-a_{\mathrm {in} ,1})\right)=e^{i\Delta \Phi /2}\left[i\sin(\Delta \Phi /2)a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}+\cos(\Delta \Phi /2)a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}\right],}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {out} ,3}={\frac {1}{2}}\left((a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}+a_{\mathrm {in} ,1})+e^{i\Delta \Phi }(a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}-a_{\mathrm {in} ,1})\right)=e^{i\Delta \Phi /2}\left[i\sin(\Delta \Phi /2)a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}+\cos(\Delta \Phi /2)a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}\right],}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb2f0f964067182ecc24ee2e84fa11ee1bc3cb90.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:91.375ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {out} ,3}={\frac {1}{2}}\left((a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}+a_{\mathrm {in} ,1})+e^{i\Delta \Phi }(a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}-a_{\mathrm {in} ,1})\right)=e^{i\Delta \Phi /2}\left[i\sin(\Delta \Phi /2)a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}+\cos(\Delta \Phi /2)a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}\right],}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {out} ,4}={\frac {1}{2}}\left((a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}+a_{\mathrm {in} ,1})-e^{i\Delta \Phi }(a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}-a_{\mathrm {in} ,1})\right)=e^{i\Delta \Phi /2}\left[\cos(\Delta \Phi /2)a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}+i\sin(\Delta \Phi /2)a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}\right],}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {out} ,4}={\frac {1}{2}}\left((a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}+a_{\mathrm {in} ,1})-e^{i\Delta \Phi }(a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}-a_{\mathrm {in} ,1})\right)=e^{i\Delta \Phi /2}\left[\cos(\Delta \Phi /2)a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}+i\sin(\Delta \Phi /2)a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}\right],}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0079049a5acafa30596a08ebf61f1b0739eb21c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:91.375ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {out} ,4}={\frac {1}{2}}\left((a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}+a_{\mathrm {in} ,1})-e^{i\Delta \Phi }(a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}-a_{\mathrm {in} ,1})\right)=e^{i\Delta \Phi /2}\left[\cos(\Delta \Phi /2)a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}+i\sin(\Delta \Phi /2)a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}\right],}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und die gemittelte Intensität ergibt sich folglich als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{3}\propto \langle a_{\mathrm {out} ,3}^{\dagger }a_{\mathrm {out} ,3}\rangle \propto \sin ^{2}(\Delta \Phi /2)\langle a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}^{\dagger }a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}\rangle ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∝<!-- ∝ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>∝<!-- ∝ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{3}\propto \langle a_{\mathrm {out} ,3}^{\dagger }a_{\mathrm {out} ,3}\rangle \propto \sin ^{2}(\Delta \Phi /2)\langle a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}^{\dagger }a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}\rangle ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ee723f9c94fd6b1a36918269cc5fdecf2f226a29.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:42.657ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{3}\propto \langle a_{\mathrm {out} ,3}^{\dagger }a_{\mathrm {out} ,3}\rangle \propto \sin ^{2}(\Delta \Phi /2)\langle a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}^{\dagger }a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}\rangle ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{4}\propto \langle a_{\mathrm {out} ,4}^{\dagger }a_{\mathrm {out} ,4}\rangle \propto \cos ^{2}(\Delta \Phi /2)\langle a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}^{\dagger }a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}\rangle ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∝<!-- ∝ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>∝<!-- ∝ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{4}\propto \langle a_{\mathrm {out} ,4}^{\dagger }a_{\mathrm {out} ,4}\rangle \propto \cos ^{2}(\Delta \Phi /2)\langle a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}^{\dagger }a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}\rangle ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a9f7c904faba39135933e1de0a86b2cf2d50520.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:42.913ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{4}\propto \langle a_{\mathrm {out} ,4}^{\dagger }a_{\mathrm {out} ,4}\rangle \propto \cos ^{2}(\Delta \Phi /2)\langle a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}^{\dagger }a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}\rangle ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}^{\dagger }a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}\rangle =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}^{\dagger }a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}\rangle =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d57ced0364442b6af4a0555b2e34feeb8978670.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:14.296ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}^{\dagger }a_{\mathrm {in} ,2}\rangle =0}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h2></div>
<p>Ein Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer kann sowohl zur <a href="Modulation_(Technik)" title="Modulation (Technik)">Modulation</a> von Licht durch gezielte Phasenmodulation in einem Arm des Interferometers als auch zur Messung von <a href="Phasenverschiebung" title="Phasenverschiebung">Phasenverschiebungen</a> eingesetzt werden.
</p><p>In der <a href="Photonik" title="Photonik">photonischen</a> <a href="Nachrichtentechnik" title="Nachrichtentechnik">Nachrichtentechnik</a> werden integrierte Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer zum wellenlängenabhängigen <a href="Multiplexverfahren" title="Multiplexverfahren">Demultiplexing</a> eingesetzt.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In der <a href="Quantenoptik" title="Quantenoptik">Quantenoptik</a> und <a href="Quanteninformatik" title="Quanteninformatik">Quanteninformatik</a> findet das Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer in vielen Experimenten (und <a href="Gedankenexperiment" title="Gedankenexperiment">Gedankenexperimenten</a>) Anwendung, so zum Beispiel in <a href="Delayed-Choice-Experiment" title="Delayed-Choice-Experiment">Delayed-Choice-</a> und <a href="Quantenradierer" title="Quantenradierer">Quantenradierer</a>-Experimenten, bei der Implementierung von <a href="Bell-Zustand#Bell-Messung" title="Bell-Zustand">Bell-Messungen</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und <a href="Quantengatter" title="Quantengatter">Quantengattern</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder im <a href="Wechselwirkungsfreie_Quantenmessung" title="Wechselwirkungsfreie Quantenmessung">Elitzur-Vaidman Bombentest</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Ludwig Zehnder: <cite style="font-style:italic">Ein neuer Interferenzrefraktor</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11</span>, 1891, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>275–285</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer&rft.atitle=Ein+neuer+Interferenzrefraktor&rft.au=Ludwig+Zehnder&rft.date=1891&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Instrumentenkunde&rft.pages=275-285" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Ludwig Mach: <cite style="font-style:italic">Über einen Interferenzrefraktor</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, 1892, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>89–93</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+einen+Interferenzrefraktor&rft.au=Ludwig+Mach&rft.date=1892&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Instrumentenkunde&rft.pages=89-93" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>K. P. Zetie, S. F. Adams, R. M. Tocknell: <cite style="font-style:italic">How does a Mach-Zehnder interferometer work?</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physics Education</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>35</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 2000, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>46</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120%2F35%2F1%2F308">10.1088/0031-9120/35/1/308</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos576/papers/zetie_et_al_mach_zehnder00.pdf">princeton.edu</a> [PDF; abgerufen am 9. September 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer&rft.atitle=How+does+a+Mach-Zehnder+interferometer+work%3F&rft.au=K.+P.+Zetie%2C+S.+F.+Adams%2C+R.+M.+Tocknell&rft.date=2000&rft.doi=10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F35%2F1%2F308&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Physics+Education&rft.pages=46&rft.volume=35" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Interferometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferometer">Interferometer</a></li>
<li><a href="Wechselwirkungsfreie_Quantenmessung" title="Wechselwirkungsfreie Quantenmessung">Wechselwirkungsfreie Quantenmessung</a></li>
<li><a href="Mach-Zehnder-Modulator" title="Mach-Zehnder-Modulator">Mach-Zehnder-Modulator</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mach-Zehnder_interferometer?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faraday.physics.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/MachZehnder/MachZehnder.html">Mach-Zehnder Interferometer</a> (englisch)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. P. Zetie, S. F. Adams, R. M. Tocknell: <cite style="font-style:italic">How does a Mach-Zehnder interferometer work?</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physics Education</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>35</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 2000, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>46</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120%2F35%2F1%2F308">10.1088/0031-9120/35/1/308</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos576/papers/zetie_et_al_mach_zehnder00.pdf">princeton.edu</a> [PDF; abgerufen am 9. September 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer&rft.atitle=How+does+a+Mach-Zehnder+interferometer+work%3F&rft.au=K.+P.+Zetie%2C+S.+F.+Adams%2C+R.+M.+Tocknell&rft.date=2000&rft.doi=10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F35%2F1%2F308&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Physics+Education&rft.pages=46&rft.volume=35" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siehe z. B. D. F. Walls, G. J. Milburn: <cite style="font-style:italic">Quantum Optics</cite>. 2. Auflage. Springer, 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-28573-1, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S. 171f</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer&rft.au=D.+F.+Walls%2C+G.+J.+Milburn&rft.btitle=Quantum+Optics&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=2.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783540285731&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Welche der beiden Eingangsmoden bei Reflexion einem Phasensprung unterliegt, hängt vom genauen Design des Strahlteilers ab, vgl. Zetie <i>et al</i>. Im Allgemeinen können 50:50 Strahlteiler gebaut werden, die die Input-Felder gemäß <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{o}=(e^{i\phi _{1}}a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}+e^{i\phi _{2}}a_{\mathrm {in} ,2})/{\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>o</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{o}=(e^{i\phi _{1}}a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}+e^{i\phi _{2}}a_{\mathrm {in} ,2})/{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1eca73c9a3ec4a19b70a183f6cd3f48a9c100934.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:29.883ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{o}=(e^{i\phi _{1}}a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}+e^{i\phi _{2}}a_{\mathrm {in} ,2})/{\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{u}=(e^{i\phi _{3}}a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}+e^{i\phi _{4}}a_{\mathrm {in} ,2})/{\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{u}=(e^{i\phi _{3}}a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}+e^{i\phi _{4}}a_{\mathrm {in} ,2})/{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fb6e38be04544edf0fb938578bb3652d3e967f39.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.026ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{u}=(e^{i\phi _{3}}a_{\mathrm {in} ,1}+e^{i\phi _{4}}a_{\mathrm {in} ,2})/{\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> transformieren, solange gilt, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{4}=\phi _{2}+\phi _{3}-\phi _{1}-\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{4}=\phi _{2}+\phi _{3}-\phi _{1}-\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a8a2ebdc4d11dad39423ff59fd6c24be0d346d9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:22.71ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{4}=\phi _{2}+\phi _{3}-\phi _{1}-\pi }" loading="lazy"></span>. Wir wählen im Folgenden <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{1}=\phi _{2}=\phi _{3}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{1}=\phi _{2}=\phi _{3}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/338a60e4600a3e8bfe76359b2e93f560886e3414.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.777ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{1}=\phi _{2}=\phi _{3}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, so dass der Input von links mit Phasensprung reflektiert wird und der von unten ohne.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saleh, Teich: <i>Grundlagen der Photonik.</i> 2. überarbeitete Auflage, 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carsten Schuck, Gerhard Huber, Christian Kurtsiefer, Harald Weinfurter: <cite style="font-style:italic">Complete Deterministic Linear Optics Bell State Analysis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phys. Rev. Lett.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>96</span>, 2006, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>190501</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.190501">10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.190501</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xqp.physik.uni-muenchen.de/publications/files/articles_2006/prl_96_190501.pdf">uni-muenchen.de</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer&rft.atitle=Complete+Deterministic+Linear+Optics+Bell+State+Analysis&rft.au=Carsten+Schuck%2C+Gerhard+Huber%2C+Christian+Kurtsiefer%2C+...&rft.btitle=Phys.+Rev.+Lett.&rft.date=2006&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.96.190501&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=190501&rft.volume=96" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pieter Kok, W. J. Munro, Kae Nemoto, T. C. Ralph, Jonathan P. Dowling, G. J. Milburn: <cite style="font-style:italic">Linear optical quantum computing with photonic qubits</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Rev. Mod. Phys.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>79</span>, 2007, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>135</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.79.135">10.1103/RevModPhys.79.135</a></span>, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0512071">quant-ph/0512071</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer&rft.atitle=Linear+optical+quantum+computing+with+photonic+qubits&rft.au=Pieter+Kok%2C+W.+J.+Munro%2C+Kae+Nemoto%2C+...&rft.btitle=Rev.+Mod.+Phys.&rft.date=2007&rft.doi=10.1103%2FRevModPhys.79.135&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=135&rft.volume=79" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
</ol></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2025-10-07" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer&oldid=260401906">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
</div>
</div><!--/htdig_noindex--></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./_webp_/webpHandler.js"></script>
</body></html>